Ecological Footprint, Food, and Urbanization
Environmental Science | |
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Topics | What is the Environment | Population | Ecological Footprint, Food, and Urbanization | Ecology - Definitions and Outline | Energy Flow in Ecosystems | Population and Community Ecology | Biogeochemical Cycles | Biodiversity | Energy | Atmosphere and Climate | Global Warming | Air Quality | Water Quantity | Water Quality | Solid Waste |
Look at three topics related to population and the environment: Ecological Footprint, Food and Nutrition, and Urbanization |
Contents
Ecological footprint
The ecological footprint is the amount of land that would be required to provide the resources for a population
The world's ecological footprint is 2.6 ha [note 1]per person
Biocapacity is the land available to meet people's demand. The Earth's biocapacity is 1.7 ha per person.
[math]\frac{2.6}{1.7}=1.54 Earths[/math]
In words, humans are now using resources 1.54 times what the Earth can provide. By 2030 this will grow to 2 Earths.
Footprint Biocapacity Australia 8.3 16.1 United Arab Emirates 8.1 0.6 United States of America 6.8 3.6 Russia 4.5 6.7 Thailand 1.9 1.2 India 0.9 0.5
As can be seen from above, the footprint is not only dependent on the population, but on the amount of resources used per capita. This can be represented by the (highly) simplified model:
I = PxAxT
where I = Impact, P = Population (size), A = Affluence (consumption of resources per person), T = Technological impact (per unit consumption)
Food and Nutrition
Food Security
- Food Security
- When all people have physical, social, and access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for normal growth and development.
Four parts to food security:
- food availability
- economic and physical access to food
- food utilization
- stability over time
The Second Sustainable Development Goal (SDG2) is to end hunger and malnutrition by the year 2030.
Note from the food security definition, it is not only the amount of food that is important.
Undernourishment
- Undernourishment
- inability to acquire enough food to meet dietary requirements
- Hunger
- chronic undernourishment
The number of people undernourished steadily declined from 947 million in 2003 to 777 million in 2015. However, the number increased to 815 million in 2016.[1]
The largest percentage of people undernourished is in Africa, but the largest total number of people undernourished is in Asia. Food security has worsened in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, Western Asia, and South-east Asia.
Malnutrition
- Malnutrition
- abnormal condition due to poor nutrition
- Stunting
- Low height for age
- Wasting
- Low weight for height
Overweight
- Overweight
- A BMI over 25, but under 30
- Obesity
- A BMI over 30
Here BMI is the body mass index defined as weight (in kg) divided by height (in meters) squared.
Overweight and Obesity have increased since 2004 worldwide
Overweight and Obesity is also due to poor nutrition
Food Prices
- An important part of food security is price of food
- Some major factors involved:
- diversion of crops or farmland to biofuels
- climate change
- speculation on commodity markets
- Some major factors involved:
Food Loss
- Over 1/3 of all food produced is lost
- Food lost occurs throughout the supply chain
- examples: insufficient refrigeration, poor handling during transport, over-processing
Food Production
- Three crops - rice, wheat, and corn - make up 60% of world's food energy intake
- 15 crops make up 90% of world's food energy intake
- These crops are almost all monoculture
Soil
- Soil
- Complex mixture of eroded rocks, mineral nutrients, decayed organic matter, water, air, and living organisms.
- Topsoil
- The upper part of the soil which contains most of the organic matter and nutrients. This is the part used by crops for growth.
Soil Conservation
- Soil Erosion is the loss of topsoil due to wind or water. It is a major concern for agriculture.
- Soil Conservation are methods which reduce the amount of soil erosion
Other Environmental Effects of Crop Production
- Overuse of fertilizers. This can lead to eutrophication.
- pesticides can get into the water and cause health problems.
- Water - desertification, soil salinity, water shortages
Meat Production
- About one-third of crops goes to feed livestock
- It takes about 10 kg of grain to produce 1 kg of meat
- Cattle produce large amounts of methane which causes global warming
Antibiotic Overuse
One major concern in meat production has been overuse of Antibiotics
Antibiotics are drugs which kill bacteria; However, but they have also been found to increase the growth rate of livestock
The major problem from overuse is that it can increase the amount of antibiotic-resistant bacteria resistance in humans
Fisheries
About 20% of the world's protein is from fish.
Unlike other forms of protein, most fish and seafood is harvested from the wild.
Overfishing is now become a serious problem. One-third of all fisheries are at unsustainable levels
In addition to overfishing, some methods used by commercial fishermen are destructive to the environment. Some of these methods:
- Bottom trawling drags a large net along the bottom, destroying the seafloor
- Large nets called purse seines can catch unintended animals such as dolphins, turtles, sharks, and sea lions
- Longlines, which can have as many as 25,000 hooks, can catch dolphins, seabirds, etc.
Aquaculture
About 40 percent of fish and seafood today is from fish farms. Some major problems with aquaculture include:
- Many farmed fish are carnivores, therefore they have to be fed with wild caught fish
- Aquaculture can have problems with waste and disease
- Aquaculture (especially shrimp farms) have had a major impact on mangroves and estuaries
Alternative Agriculture
Some alternative forms of agriculture which can reduce the ecological footprint:
- Agroforestry - growing crops and trees are the same land
- Polyculture - multiple crops at same time
- Other Sustainable practices: integrated pest management, free range animals, organic fertilizers, soil conservation techniques, drip irrigation
Urbanization
The percent of people living in urban areas has been rapidly increasing. Currently half of all people live in cities.
By 2030, UN-Habitat estimates 60% will live in cities.
In Latin America over 80% live in cities.
26 cities are megacities (> 10 million people), 9 have more than 20 million people
1 billion people live in urban slums
The problem is providing the necessary services to the cities inhabitants. For example, water, sanitation, police, and fire.
Most of the problems come from unplanned growth.
Smart Growth
Smart growth of cities tries to avoid the pitfalls of unplanned growth. It includes:
- Increase use of bicycles and mass transit systems
- Reduction in number of vehicles, especially in the city center
- Planning of services such as water, sewage, solid waste, flood prevention
- Greening of cities by adding greenspace (parks, wood areas, etc.) and possibly urban gardening areas
Note
- ↑ ha = hectare, 1 ha = 10,000 m2 = 2.5 acre = 6.25 Thai rai, 1 km2 = 100 ha
Reference
- ↑ FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO. 2017. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2017. Building resilience for peace and food security. Rome FAO.